It seems that the current discussions over immigration within the US tend to focus on maintaining and sustaining a “true America”, one that is firmly planted in its rights and traditions that were constructed after the systematic genocide of Native Americans and the lands they occupied. In establishing and developing that constructed identity, it seemed that these migrants to the current US nation-state left their respective countries in an attempt to settle into a new land, to leave their respective countries to find a better life for them and their families. They sought, as history tells it, a land of freedom and free expression – a place they could call home.
Historically, as it has been argued, people migrate to find a better place to live, one that allows them a better home, a better job, a nice place to raise the family. For those of us educated in the American public school system, we can all recall this discussion of home-making in our limited overview of the founding of the nation. The discussion of family and the home, then, becomes a metaphor for the public and how we can then live as a society. Locked within the confines of the walls, with windows that peer out onto neighborhood streets and doors protected by lock and key, the home and family becomes a pivotal point in our discussions on the movement of people across borders and nation-states. We must protect our borders as we do our homes, they say. And so must we protect our traditions.
But behind the push-pull politics of many discussions surrounding human movement is the assumption that cultures are fixed in time and (geographical) space. As Paul Gilroy discusses, we seem to forget that civilizations are not “closed or finished cultures that need to be preserved,” a position that “increasingly conforms to the dictates of the West’s reborn imperial power.” To be a member of a given community assumes that they are privy to a whole set of cultural traditions, be it language, food, dress, musical tastes and affinities or even ways of speaking.
Growing up in the city, there were certain things that were characteristic to Chicagoans, and to claim it as an identifier gave us special privilege over everyone else, especially suburbanites. To us, we wanted to claim what was rightfully ours. The city limits were (in our imaginations) hard, clear-cut lines, and being able to call ourselves natives was always a point of pride. As Chicagoans, we distinguish the “true Chicagoan” based on their accents or how they speak. No one outside of the city knows what the hell a cash station is, nor would they ever call it that. Only us native Chicagoans go to Chris’ to play pool or went to Lincoln Square Lanes before the neighborhood became a haven for the post-graduate and educated middle class.
But in this “post-racial” Obama-nation that we live in, multiculturalism is all the rage. A self identified Black President, and the child of a white Kansas mother and black Kenyan father, Obama is the perfect model of a “true American” that epitomizes a truly multicultural America where all immigrants are created equal. But this narrow conception of a “multicultural society” – a view that conflates all cultures as being equal and is part of the problematic narrative of the “melting pot” – falls short from the actual experience of how culture gets transmitted in the US today, and for Obama and other mixed folks how race becomes impacted in our performance of culture. What tends to be forgotten about many migrants to the US is that they’d rather be “home.” While many are excited to “live the American Dream,” others wish they could afford to be back in their native lands. For many migrants, moving to another country is not a choice that they make easily, but merely a tactic for survival. Political refugees seeking asylum typically don’t have much say in the matter if they want to survive.
It seems that the general discussions of immigration and its reform within the US surround the assumption that we have a fixed identity as an “American people” and that we need to uphold the integrity of it by policing our borders. But as with many im/migrants, it is more important to be transnational than to fix oneself to one nation-state. While many prefer to claim one place as home, the transnational subject can flow through cultures almost seamlessly, as if to render any border useless. It is these elusive transnationals and mixed folks that seem to trouble our fixed conceptions of an American identity. Several years ago, in 2007, the city of Chicago underwent a ward redistricting that had vast political implications. As the Chicago Reporter wrote in August of that year, “Reapportionment of election districts is required by federal law every 10 years if a census reveals significant changes in population. A new city council map, … must equalize the population in each ward by creating units that are compact and contiguous.” Dictated by the census, and also taking into account the number of registered adult voters, strong ward associations and even the number of immigrants ineligible to vote became a part of the political future of a neighborhood. Even within our own town, borders were policed and fought for as a way to build political power and protect the homes and properties of its constituents. For the redistricting process, race and immigrant population demographics were used strategically to systematically alter communities, some with devastating results that forced displacement and encouraged gentrification (as opposed to real community development).
Similarly, in my experience as a person of mixed identities, I was expected to uphold certain parts of myself as mutually exclusive identities. To many, I could only be one “race,” and I often felt pressured to perform my Latino-ness or my Asian-ness. Extending from W.E.B. DuBois’ “two-ness”, my “three-ness” (Mexican Filipino American) posed a psychological threat to the rigid confines of racial ideology. Growing up, it quickly became very confusing to my classmates at LaSalle in the mid 90′s that there could be the possibility that I was a person of mixed race. I mean, Mexican and Filipino? That’s interesting…How did that happen? The inevitable discussion after an exchange of names with someone typically went like this:
Person: So what are you?
Me: What do you mean?
Person: I mean, like, what are you? Where do you come from? What nationality are you?
Me: I’m from Chicago, which I guess means I’m an American.
Person: No, I mean where are you really from?
Inevitably, this discussion would result in me either providing them with my life story or trying to understand why they kept asking me stupid questions. Even more confusing was that my parents were not immigrants, but true, 100% native Chicagoans. It was almost a circus act.
Later in life, these questions would also be followed with, “So do you speak Spanish or Tagalog?” to which my answer would be, “I can speak a half-assed version of Castellano.” While often just an innocent question, I couldn’t help but wonder if in their minds, this was connected to the idea that language equals culture. That to fully identify oneself as a “true Mexican”, one had to speak Spanish. The demands and expectations of what it meant to be both Mexican and Filipino while also keeping tabs of what it meant to be a “typical American boy” became an increasingly difficult task – especially when there was no cultural necessity for either language to be used in the house. But the same could be applied to any other aspect of culture as a symbol for identifying oneself as being a member of an ethnic group, such as food, clothing, or style.
It seems that there is a lot of anxiety in a change of traditions for fear that (American) culture will be lost. Many cities, including our own, have translated government documents and post signs in different languages to accommodate the ever-increasing population of non-English speakers – which has subsequently driven the fierce battle to implement an English-only nation-state. The struggle for gay marriage and queer rights is dangerous to the hetero-normative family. As threats to these constructed traditions, the mythology of The American Identity must not be altered.
Moving into their own place together and ultimately buying a house to raise their kids was a an opportunity for my parents to start over. Unlike their parents, they would not subject their children to Catholic school or church. They would do many things that typical American kids would do, such as take an art class, play soccer, learn the piano, take swimming lessons. And while there were still some similar traditions that were carried down into the new house, my parents were confronted with many decisions about how to raise their mixed kids. Fortunately for my sister and I, our parents raised and supported us in a way that allowed us to move freely between our identities. This fluidity gave us confidence among others to assert our mixed-ness, even if we didn’t know that what we were doing was political.
With such an opportunity, one important question for the mixed family becomes, how do we construct a new home and how does that affect our national mentality? In this nation where more and more people are beginning to identify as mixed race, and with more im/migrants being transnational (either physically or virtually), what makes sense in our contemporary timespace to re-imagine and invent as new tradition? What traditions do (or should) we keep if our fixed notion of home and culture has been irrevocably altered? And how do we maintain integrity as a nation?
While I can’t conclusively answer any of these questions, I did want to make the point that racially mixed Americans as well as im/migrants and their transnational brethren who get tangled into the fabric of American society offer the opportunity for, and even demand, a new paradigm for constructing an American “home”. With shifting identities partially tangled in webs of transnational economies and globalization, fixed notions of the nation-state become increasingly difficult to manage and contain, particularly along racial lines, but also along rules of citizenship. With multiple people containing dual-citizenship, some even with triple-citizenship, it calls to question one’s identity if we are to follow the logic of the nation-state dictating how one must identify.
For all intents and purposes, I am currently living geographically between two cities, and sometimes between countries. Though I never really intended for this to happen, many often ask where I actually live. My first answer is to say, “Well, all my shit is in New York, if that helps define anything,” but as I travel between cities for work, I also feel challenged in claiming a city for my own. Despite having grown up in Chicago for 23 years, I find it hard to claim that I’m a Chicagoan. Yes, I grew up t/here. But if I follow the advice of any of the ethnic studies writers, home is where I choose to make it. No longer am I tied to specific geographies or places in defining home. For me, home is now a psychological state of comfort: a place where I feel the warmth of friendship and family, of good food and drink, and music.




